Here's a link to a downloadable PDF of the report: The Perceptron — A Perceiving and Recognizing Automaton. That introduced the idea of artificial neural networks, which has revolutionized AI and CL in the last quarter century or so. That's from this page, which has several other and more recent links.
In my chronology of cog. sci. and literary theory (PDF here) I list Chomsky's Syntactic Structures, Roland Barthes' Mythologies, and Fry's Anatomy of Criticism from 1957 as well. I note as well that Norbert Weiner's Cybernetics was published almost a decade earlier, in 1948. Warren Weaver's memo, "Translation", was published in 1949; it introduced the idea of machine translation.
Consider the intellectual history crudely indicated here:
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